Section: Protection of Information Assets
Explanation/Reference:

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A project team has something to learn from each and every project. As risk assessment is a key issue for project management, it is important for the organization to accumulate lessons learned and integrate them into future projects. An assessment of potential downtime should be made with the operations group and other specialists before implementing a system. Verifying that controls are working should be covered during the acceptance test phase and possibly, again, in the postimplementation review. Test data should be retained for future regression testing.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
If the sender sends both a message and a message hash encrypted by its private key, then the receiver can apply the sender’s public key to the hash and get the message hash. The receiver can apply the hashing algorithm to the message received and generate a hash. By matching the generated hash with the one received, the receiver is ensured that the message has been sent by the specific sender, i.e., authenticity, and that the message has not been changed enroute. Authenticity and privacy will be ensured by first using the sender’s private key and then the receiver’s public key to encrypt the message. Privacy and integrity can be ensured by using the receiver’s public key to encrypt the message and sending a message hash/digest. Only nonrepudiation can be ensured by using the sender’s private key to encrypt the message. The sender’s public key, available to anyone, can decrypt a message; thus, it does not ensure privacy.

Information has varying degrees of sensitivity and criticality in meeting business objectives. By assigning classes or levels of sensitivity and criticality to information resources, management can establish guidelines for the level of access controls that should be assigned. End user management and the security administrator will use these classifications in their risk assessment process to assign a given class to each asset.

Explanation/Reference:
The NOT is a keyword used in the question. You need to find out the risks which are NOT associated with PBX. All the risk listed within the options are associated with PBX.
The threat of the PBX telephone system are many, depending on the goals of these attackers, and include:
Theft of service – Toll fraud, probably the most common of motives for attacker.
Disclosure of Information -Data disclosed without authorization, either by deliberate actionably accident.
Examples includes eavesdropping on conversation and unauthorized access to routing and address data.
Data Modification -Data altered in some meaningful way by recording, deleting or modifying it. For example, an intruder may change billing information or modify system table to gain additional services.
Unauthorized access – Actions that permit an unauthorized user to gain access to system resources or privileges.
Denial of service -Actions that prevent the system from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose. A piece of equipment or entity may be rendered inoperable or forced to operate in a degraded state; operations that depend on timeliness may be delayed.
Traffic Analysis – A form of passive attack in which an intruder observes information about calls and make inferences, e.g. from the source and destination number or frequency and length of messages. For example, an intruder observes a high volume of calls between a company’s legal department and patent office, and conclude that a patent is being filed.
The following were incorrect answers:
All the risks presented in options are associated with PBX. So other options are not valid.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number356

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A hub is a device that connects two segments of a single LAN. A hub is a repeater. It provides transparent connectivity to users on all segments of the same LAN. It is a level 1 device.
Incorrect answers:
A. A bridge operates at level 2 of the OSI layer and is used to connect two LANs using different protocols (e.g., joining an ethernet and token network) to form a logical network.
B. A gateway, which is a level 7 device, is used to connect a LAN to a WAN.
C. A LAN is connected with a MAN using a router, which operates in the network layer.

Section: Protection of Information Assets

Section: Protection of Information Assets
Explanation:
To assess IT risks, threats and vulnerabilities need to be evaluated using qualitative or quantitative risk
assessment approaches. Choices B, C and D are potentially useful inputs to the risk assessment process,
but by themselves are not sufficient. Basing an assessment on past losses will not adequately reflect
inevitable changes to the firm’s IT assets, projects, controls and strategic environment. There are also
likely to be problems with the scope and quality of the loss data available to be assessed. Comparable
organizations will have differences in their IT assets, control environment and strategic circumstances.
Therefore, their loss experience cannot be used to directly assess organizational IT risk. Control
weaknesses identified during audits will be relevant in assessing threat exposure and further analysis may
be needed to assess threat probability. Depending on the scope of the audit coverage, it is possible that not
all of the critical IT assets and projects will have recently been audited, and there may not be a sufficient
assessment of strategic IT risks.

Explanation/Reference:
Automatic Call distribution allows a PBX to be configured so that incoming calls are distributed to the next available agent or placed on-hold until one become available
For your exam you should know below mentioned PBX features and Risks:
System Features
Description
Risk
Automatic Call distribution
Allows a PBX to be configured so that incoming calls are distributed to the next available agent or placed on-hold until one become available
Tapping and control of traffic
Call forwarding
Allow specifying an alternate number to which calls will be forwarded based on certain condition User tracking
Account codes
Used to:
Track calls made by certain people or for certain projects for appropriate billing Dial-In system access (user dials from outside and gain access to normal feature of the PBX) Changing the user class of service so a user can access a different set of features (i.e. the override feature)
Fraud, user tracking, non authorized features
Access Codes
Key for access to specific feature from the part of users with simple instruments, i.e. traditional analog phones.
Non-authorized features
Silent Monitoring
Silently monitors other calls
Eavesdropping
Conferencing
Allows for conversation among several users
Eavesdropping, by adding unwanted/unknown parties to a conference
override(intrude)
Provides for the possibility to break into a busy line to inform another user an important message Eavesdropping
Auto-answer
Allows an instrument to automatically go when called usually gives an auditor or visible warning which can easily turned off
Gaining information not normally available, for various purpose
Tenanting
Limits system user access to only those users who belong to the same tenant group – useful when one company leases out part of its building to other companies and tenants share an attendant, trunk lines,etc Illegal usage, fraud, eavesdropping
Voice mail
Stores messages centrally and – by using a password – allows for retrieval from inside or outside lines.
Disclosure or destruction of all messages of a user when that user’s password in known or discovered by an intruder, disabling of the voice mail system and even the entire switch by lengthy messages or embedded codes, illegal access to external lines.
Privacy release
Supports shared extensions among several devices, ensuring that only one device at a time can use an extension. Privacy release disables the security by allowing devices to connect to an extension already in use.
Eavesdropping
No busy extension
Allows calls to an in-use extension to be added to a conference when that extension is on conference and already off-hook
Eavesdropping a conference in progress
Diagnostics
Allows for bypassing normal call restriction procedures. This kind of diagnostic is sometimes available from any connected device. It is a separate feature, in addition to the normal maintenance terminal or attendant diagnostics
Fraud and illegal usage
Camp-on or call waiting
When activated, sends a visual audible warning to an off-hook instrument that is receiving another call.
Another option of this feature is to conference with the camped-on or call waiting Making the called individual a party to a conference without knowing it.
Dedicated connections
Connections made through the PBX without using the normal dialing sequences. It can be used to create hot-lines between devices i.e. one rings when the other goes off-hook. It is also used for data connections between devices and the central processing facility
Eavesdropping on a line
The following were incorrect answers:
Call forwarding – Allow specifying an alternate number to which calls will be forwarded based on certain condition
Tenanting – Limits system user access to only those users who belong to the same tenant group useful when one company leases out part of its building to other companies and tenants share an attendant, trunk lines,etc
Voice Mail – Stores messages centrally and – by using a password – allows for retrieval from inside or outside lines.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 358