2025 Latest 100% Exam Passing Ratio - CTFL4 Dumps PDF [Q72-Q95]

NEW QUESTION 72
Mark the correct sentences:
* Defects are a result of environmental conditions and are also referred to as “Failures”
* A human mistake may produce a defect
* A system mil totally fail to operate correctly when a failure exists in it
* When a defect exists in a system it may result in a failure
* Defects occur only as a result of technology changes

II, IV

I, II

IV, V

II, III, IV

* The question is about marking the correct sentences among the given statements related to defects, failures, and mistakes. According to the ISTQB glossary, the definitions of these terms are1:
* Defect: A flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function, e.g. an incorrect statement or data definition. A defect, if encountered during execution, may cause a failure of the component or system.
* Failure: An event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits.
* Mistake: A human action that produces an incorrect result.
* Therefore, out of the five given statements, only two are correct, namely:
* A human mistake may produce a defect: This is true, as a mistake is a source or cause of a defect, e.g. a programmer may make a mistake in writing a code statement, which results in a defect in the software component.
* When a defect exists in a system it may result in a failure: This is true, as a defect is a potential or actual cause of a failure, e.g. a defect in the software component may cause the system to fail to perform a required function when the defect is encountered during execution.
* The other three statements are incorrect, namely:
* Defects are a result of environmental conditions and are also referred to as “Failures”: This is false, as defects are not a result of environmental conditions, but of mistakes or other factors, and defects are not the same as failures, but rather the causes of failures.
* A system will totally fail to operate correctly when a failure exists in it: This is false, as a system may not necessarily fail completely or stop operating when a failure occurs, but may continue to operate with reduced functionality or performance, or with incorrect results.
* Defects occur only as a result of technology changes: This is false, as defects can occur due to various reasons, not only technology changes, such as human mistakes, design flaws, requirement changes, hardware failures, etc.
References:
* 1: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms 4.0, 2023, available at ISTQB) and ASTQB).

NEW QUESTION 73
A new web app aims at offering a rich user experience. As a functional tester, you have run some functional tests to verify that, before releasing the app, such app works correctly on several mobile devices, all of which are listed as supported devices within the requirements specification. These tests were performed on stable and isolated test environments where you were the only user interacting with the application. All tests passed, but in some of those tests you observed the following issue: on some mobile devices only, the response time for two web pages containing images was extremely slow.
Based only on the given information, which of the following recommendation would you follow?

You should open a defect report providing detailed information on which devices and by running which tests you observed the issue

The issue is related to performance efficiency, not functionality. Thus, as a functional tester, you should not open any defect report as all the functional tests passed

You should not open any defect report as the problem is most likely due to poor hardware equipment on the devices where you observed the issue

You should not open any defect report and inform the test manager that the devices on which you observed the issue should no longer be supported so that they will be removed from the requirements specification

NEW QUESTION 74
Which of the following statements is true?

In Agile software development, work product documentation tends to be lightweight and manual tests tend to be often unscripted as they are often produced using experience-based test techniques

Sequential development models impose the use of systematic test techniques and do not allow the use of experience-based test techniques

In Agile software development, the first iterations are exclusively dedicated to testing activities, as testing will be used to drive development, which will be performed in the subsequent iterations

Both in Agile software development and in sequential development models, such as the V-model, test levels tend to overlap since they do not usually have defined entry and exit criteria

NEW QUESTION 75
Which of the following statements is true?

A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure

A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error

Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions

Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels

Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions. A failure is an event in which the software system does not perform a required function or performs a function incorrectly, according to the expected behavior. A defect is a flaw in the software system or a deviation from the requirements or the specifications, that may cause a failure. However, not all failures are caused by defects, as some failures may be caused by environmental conditions, such as hardware malfunctions, network interruptions, power outages, incompatible configurations, etc. Environmental conditions are factors that affect the operation of the software system, but are not part of the software system itself. The other statements are false, because:
A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure. This statement is false, because a defect may or may not produce a failure, depending on the inputs, the outputs, the states, or the scenarios of the software system, and a bug is just another term for a defect, so it has the same possibility of producing a failure as a defect. For example, a defect in a rarely used feature or a hidden branch of the code may never produce a failure, while a defect in a frequently used feature or a critical path of the code may produce a failure often. A bug is not a different concept from a defect, but rather a synonym or a colloquial term for a defect, so it has the same definition and implications as a defect.
A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error. This statement is false, because an error is not a consequence of a failure, but rather a cause of a defect. An error is a human action or a mistake that produces a defect in the software system, such as a typo, a logic flaw, a requirement misunderstanding, etc. An error is not observable in the software system, but rather in the human mind or the human work products, such as the code, the design, the documentation, etc. A failure is not a cause of an error, but rather a result of a defect, which is a result of an error. For example, an error in the code may cause a defect in the software system, which may cause a failure in the software behavior.
Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels. This statement is false, because bugs and failures are not different types of defects, but rather different terms for defects and their manifestations. As mentioned before, bugs are just another word for defects, and failures are the events in which the software system does not perform as expected due to defects. Bugs and failures can be found at any test level, not only at component testing or higher test levels. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Defects and failures can occur and be detected at any test level, depending on the test objectives, the test basis, the test techniques, and the test environment. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.2, Testing and Quality1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Failure, Defect, Bug, Environmental Condition, Error, Test Level2

NEW QUESTION 76
Scenario 1 “Happy Tomatoes” (used for questions 20-22):
An intelligent application for agricultural use incorporates temperature sensors located at different points of an enclosure. The sensors measure and record the temperature at regular intervals and extract the statistical values for these measurements. These values include the average daily temperature.
A new variety of tomatoes is currently being grown and the”World Organization for Happy Tomatoes”has established temperature ranges related to vegetative development.
When the system establishes that the average temperature is within a specific range, it emits a value that will be used to monitor and control the crop.

Using theequivalence partitioningtechnique, identify the set of input values that provides the HIGHEST coverage.

{7,10,21,40}

{8,10,25,40}

{7,10,25,29}

{7,10,25,40}

NEW QUESTION 77
During iteration planning, a scrum team uses an estimation technique called planning poker to estimate the effort required to deliver a critical user story. In advance of the estimation session, the team agreed on some ground rules to limit the number of poker rounds and save time.
The team agreed on the following:
1. They will use the following progression for estimation: Extra-small, Small, Medium, Large, Extra-large, and Extra-extra-large.
2. If estimation values differ significantly, the highest score will be used for estimation purposes.
The result of the first round of planning poker:
Team Member Estimation
Business Large
Development Extra-extra-large
Testing Extra-extra-large
Which of the following options best represent the team’s next actions?

The fact that all estimations are high indicate that the user story is not well understood or should be broken down into multiple smaller stories.

The pre-agreed rules state that the highest score should be used for estimation, resulting in the user story being categorised as Extra-extra-large.

Since the business representative is likely to have the most informed view of the requirement, the user story is categorised as a Large.

the team discusses the differences in the estimates and repeats the poker round until an agreemet is reached.

NEW QUESTION 78
Which of the following types of tools is BEST suited for determining source code compliance with the guidelines provided by a coding standard?

Containerisation tool

Fault seeding tool.

Static analysis tool.

Test data preparation tool

NEW QUESTION 79
Which of the following statements about error guessing is true?

Error guessing is a system that adopts artificial intelligence to predict whether software components are likely to contain defects or not

Experienced testers, when applying error guessing, rely on the use of a high-level list of what needs to be tested as a guide to find defects

Error guessing refers to the ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of erroneous inputs

Experienced testers, when applying error guessing technique, can anticipate where errors, defects and failures have occurred and target their tests at those issues

NEW QUESTION 80
The following decision table is used to assist a doctor in determining the drug therapy to prescribe for a patient (aged 6 to 65 years) diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The table consists of three Boolean conditions and six actions

Based only on the given information, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Column 7 represents an impossible situation and thus can be deleted

Columns 1 and 3 can be merged into a single column

Columns 2, 4, 6 and 8 can be merged into a single column

Columns 5 and 7 can be merged into a single column

NEW QUESTION 81
Which of the following statements is true?

Experience-based test techniques rely on the experience of testers to identify the root causes of defects found by black-box test techniques

Some of the most common test basis used by white-box test techniques include user stories, use cases and business processes

Experience-based test techniques are often useful to detect hidden defects that have not been targeted by black-box test techniques

The primary goal of experience-based test techniques is to design test cases that can be easily automated using a GUI-based test automation tool

Experience-based test techniques are test design techniques that rely on the experience, knowledge, intuition, and creativity of the testers to identify and execute test cases that are likely to find defects in the software system. Experience-based test techniques are often useful to detect hidden defects that have not been targeted by black-box test techniques, which are test design techniques that use the external behavior and specifications of the software system as the test basis, without considering its internal structure or implementation. Experience-based test techniques can complement black-box test techniques by covering aspects that are not explicitly specified, such as usability, security, reliability, performance, etc. The other statements are false, because:
Experience-based test techniques do not rely on the experience of testers to identify the root causes of defects found by black-box test techniques, but rather to identify the potential sources of defects based on their own insights, heuristics, or exploratory testing. The root causes of defects are usually identified by debugging or root cause analysis, which are activities that involve examining the code or the development process to find and fix the errors that led to the defects.
Some of the most common test basis used by white-box test techniques include the source code, the design documents, the architecture diagrams, and the control flow graphs of the software system. White-box test techniques are test design techniques that use the internal structure and implementation of the software system as the test basis, and aim to achieve a certain level of test coverage based on the code elements, such as statements, branches, paths, etc. User stories, use cases, and business processes are examples of test basis used by black-box test techniques, as they describe the functional and non-functional requirements of the software system from the perspective of the users or the stakeholders.
The primary goal of experience-based test techniques is not to design test cases that can be easily automated using a GUI-based test automation tool, but rather to design test cases that can reveal defects that are not easily detected by other test techniques, such as boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, state transition testing, etc. Test automation is the use of software tools to execute test cases and compare actual results with expected results, without human intervention. Test automation can be applied to different types of test techniques, depending on the test objectives, the test levels, the test tools, and the test resources. However, test automation is not always feasible or beneficial, especially for test cases that require human judgment, creativity, or exploration, such as those designed by experience-based test techniques. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.2.1, Black-box Test Design Techniques ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.2.2, White-box Test Design Techniques ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.2.3, Experience-based Test Design Techniques ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Experience-based Test Technique, Black-box Test Technique, White-box Test Technique, Test Basis, Test Coverage, Test Automation

NEW QUESTION 82
Confirmation testing is performed after:

a defect is fixed and after other tests do not find any side-effect introduced in the software as a result of such fix

a failed test, and aims to run that test again to confirm that the same behavior still occurs and thus appears to be reproducible

the execution of an automated regression test suite to confirm the absence of false positives in the test results

a defect is fixed, and if such testing is successful then the regression tests that are relevant for such fix can be executed

NEW QUESTION 83
Which of the following statements about the typical activities of a formal review process is TRUE?

Individual review is only mandatory when the size of the work product under review is too large to cover at the review meeting

Various review techniques that may be applied by participants during individual review are described in the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-3 standard.

Choosing which standards to follow during the review process is usually made during review planning.

One of the main goals of the review meeting is to make sure that all participants are aware of their roles and responsibilities in the review process

NEW QUESTION 84
Which of the following statements about the shift-left approach is true?

Shift-left in testing can be implemented only in Agile/DevOps frameworks, as it relies completely on automated testing activities performed within a continuous integration process

Performance testing performed during component testing, is a form of shift-left in testing that avoids planning and executing costly end-to-end testing at the system test level in a production-like environment

Shift-left in testing can be implemented in several ways to find functional defects early in the lifecycle, but it cannot be relied upon to find defects associated with non-functional characteristics

Continuous integration supports shift-left in testing as it can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it

NEW QUESTION 85
Select which of the following statements describe the key principles of software testing?
i. Testing shows the presence of defects, not their absence.
ii. Testing everything Is possible.
iii. Early testing Is more expensive and is a waste of time.
iv. Defects cluster together.
v. Testing is context dependent.
vi. Beware of the pesticide paradox.
vii. Absence of errors is a fallacy.
Select the correct answer:

i, iv, v, vi and vii

I, ii, v. vi and vii

iii. iv, v. vi and vii

ii, iii, iv, v and vi

NEW QUESTION 86
Which of the following statements about the shift-left approach is FALSE?

The shift-left approach can only be implemented with test automation

The shift-left approach in testing is compatible with DevOps practices.

The shift-left approach can involve security vulnerabilities

The shift-left approach can be supported by static analysis tools.

NEW QUESTION 87
Which of the following statements about statement coverage is TRUE?

Achieving 90% statement coverage ensures that 90% branch coverage is achieved.

Achieving 100% statement coverage ensures that no variable within the code has been used without being initialised.

Achieving 100% statement coverage ensures that 100% branch coverage is achieved

Achieving 80% statement coverage ensures that 80% of all executable statements within the code have been exercised.

NEW QUESTION 88
Which of the following statements about how different types of test tools support testers is true?

The support offered by a test data preparation tool is often leveraged by testers to run automated regression test suites

The support offered by a performance testing tool is often leveraged by testers to run load tests

The support offered by a bug prediction tool is often used by testers to track the bugs they found

The support offered by a continuous integration tool is often leveraged by testers to automatically generate test cases from a model

The support offered by a performance testing tool is often leveraged by testers to run load tests, which are tests that simulate a large number of concurrent users or transactions on the system under test, in order to measure its performance, reliability, and scalability. Performance testing tools can help testers to generate realistic workloads, monitor system behavior, collect and analyze performance metrics, and identify performance bottlenecks. The other statements are false, because:
A test data preparation tool is a tool that helps testers to create, manage, and manipulate test data, which are the inputs and outputs of test cases. Test data preparation tools are not directly related to running automated regression test suites, which are test suites that verify that the system still works as expected after changes or modifications. Regression test suites are usually executed by test execution tools, which are tools that can automatically run test cases and compare actual results with expected results.
A bug prediction tool is a tool that uses machine learning or statistical techniques to predict the likelihood of defects in a software system, based on various factors such as code complexity, code churn, code coverage, code smells, etc. Bug prediction tools are not used by testers to track the bugs they found, which are the actual defects that have been detected and reported during testing. Bugs are usually tracked by defect management tools, which are tools that help testers to record, monitor, analyze, and resolve defects.
A continuous integration tool is a tool that enables the integration of code changes from multiple developers into a shared repository, and the execution of automated builds and tests, in order to ensure the quality and consistency of the software system. Continuous integration tools are not used by testers to automatically generate test cases from a model, which are test cases that are derived from a representation of the system under test, such as a state diagram, a decision table, a use case, etc. Test cases can be automatically generated by test design tools, which are tools that support the implementation and maintenance of test cases, based on test design specifications or test models. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 3.4.1, Types of Test Tools ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Performance Testing Tool, Test Data Preparation Tool, Bug Prediction Tool, Continuous Integration Tool, Test Execution Tool, Defect Management Tool, Test Design Tool

NEW QUESTION 89
Which ONE of the following elements is TYPICALLY part of atest plan?

The budget and schedule for the test project.

A detailed analysis of the defects found and their causes.

A detailed report on the test results after the test project is completed.

A list of test logs from the test execution.

NEW QUESTION 90
Which of the following characterizations applies to a test tool used for the analysis of a developer’s code prior to its execution?

Tool support for test design and implementation.

Tool support for static testing.

Tool support for test execution and logging.

Tool support for performance measurement and dynamic analysis.

NEW QUESTION 91
A requirement specifies that a certain identifier (ID) must be between 5 and 10 characters long, must contain only alphanumenc characters, and its first character must be a letter As a tester, you want to apply one-dimensional equivalence partitioning to test this ID. This means that you have to apply equivalence partitioning individually: to the length of the ID, the type of characters contained within the ID, and the type of the first character of the ID. What is the number of partitions to cover?

7.

6.

5.

3.

NEW QUESTION 92
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes thethird test quadrant (Q3)?

This test quadrant contains smoke tests and non-functional tests (except usability tests). These tests are often automated.

This test quadrant is business-facing and criticizes the system. It contains exploratory testing, usability testing, and user acceptance testing.

This test quadrant contains functional tests, examples, user story tests, user experience prototypes, API testing, and simulations. These tests check the acceptance criteria and can be manual or automated.

This test quadrant is technology-facing and supports the team. These tests should be automated and included in the continuous integration (CI) process.

NEW QUESTION 93
The tests at the bottom layer of the test pyramid:

run faster than the tests at the top layer of the pyramid

cover larger pieces of functionalities than the tests at the top layer of the pyramid

are defined as ‘Ul Tests’ or ‘End-To-End tests’ in the different models of the pyramid

are unscripted tests produced by experience-based test techniques

NEW QUESTION 94
Which ONE of the following options is aPRODUCT riskand NOT aPROJECT risk?

Incorrect calculation logic in the software, leading to inaccurate results.

Poor communication between team members, making project management more difficult.

Staff shortages in the project leading to scheduling problems.

Delays in the delivery of work products by the project team.

NEW QUESTION 95
What type of testing measures its effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests?

Acceptance testing

Structural testing

Integration testing

Exploratory testing

Structural testing is a type of testing that measures its effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests. Structural testing, also known as white-box testing or glass-box testing, is based on the internal structure, design, or implementation of the software. Structural testing aims to verify that the software meets the specified quality attributes, such as performance, security, reliability, or maintainability, by exercising the code paths, branches, statements, conditions, or data flows. Structural testing uses various coverage metrics, such as function coverage, line coverage, branch coverage, or statement coverage, to determine how much of the code has been tested and to identify any untested or unreachable parts of the code. Structural testing can be applied at any level of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, or acceptance testing, but it is more commonly used at lower levels, where the testers have access to the source code.
The other options are not correct because they are not types of testing that measure their effectiveness by tracking which lines of code were executed by the tests. Acceptance testing is a type of testing that verifies that the software meets the acceptance criteria and the user requirements. Acceptance testing is usually performed by the end-users or customers, who may not have access to the source code or the technical details of the software. Acceptance testing is more concerned with the functionality, usability, or suitability of the software, rather than its internal structure or implementation. Integration testing is a type of testing that verifies that the software components or subsystems work together as expected. Integration testing is usually performed by the developers or testers, who may use both structural and functional testing techniques to check the interfaces, interactions, or dependencies between the components or subsystems. Integration testing is more concerned with the integration logic, data flow, or communication of the software, rather than its individual lines of code. Exploratory testing is a type of testing that involves simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution. Exploratory testing is usually performed by the testers, who use their creativity, intuition, or experience to explore the software and discover any defects, risks, or opportunities for improvement. Exploratory testing is more concerned with the behavior, quality, or value of the software, rather than its internal structure or implementation. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 syllabus, Chapter 4: Test Techniques, Section 4.3: Structural Testing Techniques, Pages 51-54; Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Testing, Section 1.4: Testing Throughout the Software Development Lifecycle, Pages 11-13; Chapter 3: Static Testing, Section 3.4: Exploratory Testing, Pages 40-41.